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281
Docs/Basic/05-oop.md
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# 05 – Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python
This document explains the basics of **Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)** in Python using simple examples.
We cover:
* Classes and objects
* Attributes and methods
* Class attributes vs instance attributes
* Inheritance
* Special (magic) methods
---
## 1. Basic Class, Attribute, and Method
### Code
```python
class test_class():
def __init__(self, input):
self.parm = input
print("Class Created")
def result(self):
print(f"param is : {self.parm}")
var = test_class('abbas')
var.result()
```
### Explanation
#### Class
* `test_class` is a **class**, which acts as a blueprint for creating objects.
#### `__init__` method (Constructor)
* `__init__` is a **special method** that runs automatically when a new object is created.
* `input` is a **parameter** passed when creating the object.
* `self.parm = input` creates an **instance attribute** called `parm`.
#### Attribute
* `parm` is an **attribute** (a variable that belongs to the object).
* It stores data specific to each object.
#### Method
* `result()` is a **method** (a function that belongs to the class).
* It uses `self.parm` to access the object’s data.
#### Object Creation
```python
var = test_class('abbas')
```
* Creates an object named `var`.
* Calls `__init__` automatically.
#### Method Call
```python
var.result()
```
* Calls the `result` method on the object.
---
## 2. Class Attributes vs Instance Attributes
### Code
```python
class test_class():
test_value = 'abbas'
def __init__(self, input):
self.parm = input
print("Class Created")
def result(self):
print(f"param is : {self.parm}")
var = test_class('abbas')
var2 = test_class('mmd')
var.result()
var.test_value
var2.test_value = 'mmd'
var2.test_value
var.test_value
```
### Explanation
#### Class Attribute
```python
test_value = 'abbas'
```
* This is a **class attribute**.
* It belongs to the class itself.
* Shared by all objects unless overridden.
#### Instance Attribute
```python
self.parm = input
```
* This is an **instance attribute**.
* Each object has its own value.
#### Behavior Analysis
```python
var.test_value
```
* Accesses the class attribute → `'abbas'`
```python
var2.test_value = 'mmd'
```
* Creates a **new instance attribute** for `var2`.
* Does not change the class attribute.
```python
var2.test_value
```
* Returns `'mmd'` (instance attribute)
```python
var.test_value
```
* Still returns `'abbas'` (class attribute)
#### Key Rule
* Instance attributes override class attributes **only for that object**.
---
## 3. Inheritance
### Code
```python
class class_1():
def __init__(self):
print("Class 1 Created")
def hi(self):
print("Hi")
class class_2(class_1):
def __init__(self):
print("Class 2 Created")
self.hi()
b = class_2()
```
### Explanation
#### Parent Class
```python
class class_1():
```
* `class_1` is the **parent (base) class**.
#### Child Class
```python
class class_2(class_1):
```
* `class_2` **inherits** from `class_1`.
* It automatically has access to all public methods of `class_1`.
#### Method Usage
```python
self.hi()
```
* `hi()` is defined in `class_1`.
* Because of inheritance, `class_2` can call it.
#### Output Order
```text
Class 2 Created
Hi
```
#### Important Note
* `class_1.__init__()` is **not called automatically** here.
* To call it, you would need:
```python
super().__init__()
```
---
## 4. Special (Magic) Methods
### Code
```python
class class_1():
def __init__(self):
print("Class 1 Created")
def __len__(self):
return 1
def __str__(self):
return 'print command on class'
def __del__(self):
return 'on del value'
```
### Explanation
Special methods start and end with **double underscores (`__`)** and control built-in behavior.
#### `__init__`
* Runs when an object is created.
#### `__len__`
```python
len(object)
```
* Defines the behavior of `len()` on the object.
* Returns `1` in this example.
#### `__str__`
```python
print(object)
```
* Defines the string representation of the object.
* Used by `print()` and `str()`.
#### `__del__`
* Runs when the object is deleted or garbage-collected.
* Used rarely in modern Python.
* Return value is ignored.
---
## Summary
* **Class**: Blueprint for objects
* **Object**: Instance of a class
* **Attribute**: Data stored in an object
* **Method**: Function inside a class
* **Class Attribute**: Shared across all objects
* **Instance Attribute**: Unique per object
* **Inheritance**: Child class reuses parent class logic
* **Magic Methods**: Customize built-in Python behavior

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# 06 – Packages and Modules in Python
This document explains how **modules**, **packages**, and the `__name__` concept work in Python.
These features help organize code, reuse functionality, and build scalable projects.
---
## 1. Importing External Modules
Python allows you to import **external libraries** installed in your environment.
### Example: Using the `emoji` Module
### Code
```python
import emoji
print(emoji.emojize("abbas is :red_heart:"))
```
### Explanation
* `import emoji` imports the entire `emoji` module.
* `emoji.emojize()` converts emoji aliases into actual emoji characters.
* You must use the module name (`emoji`) to access its functions.
---
### Importing a Specific Function
### Code
```python
from emoji import emojize
print(emojize("abbas is :red_heart:"))
```
### Explanation
* `from emoji import emojize` imports only the `emojize` function.
* You can call the function directly without prefixing the module name.
* This approach is cleaner when you only need a specific function.
---
## 2. Creating a Module
A **module** is a single Python file containing functions, classes, or variables.
### File Structure
```
hi.py
main.py
```
### `hi.py`
```python
def hi():
print("Hi :)")
```
### `main.py`
```python
import hi
hi.hi()
```
### Explanation
* `hi.py` is a module.
* `hi()` is a function defined inside the module.
* `import hi` loads the module.
* `hi.hi()` calls the function from the module.
---
## 3. Creating a Package
A **package** is a directory that contains multiple modules.
### Package Structure
```
honor/
│── __init__.py
│── hi.py
main.py
```
### `honor/hi.py`
```python
def hello():
print("Hi :)")
```
### `honor/__init__.py`
```python
```
### Explanation
* The `honor` directory is a package.
* `__init__.py` tells Python that this directory is a package.
* The file can be empty, but it **must exist** (especially for older Python versions and clarity).
---
### Importing from a Package (Method 1)
### `main.py`
```python
from honor import hi
hi.hello()
```
#### Explanation
* Imports the `hi` module from the `honor` package.
* Accesses the function using `hi.hello()`.
---
### Importing from a Package (Method 2)
### `main.py`
```python
from honor.hi import hello
hello()
```
#### Explanation
* Imports the `hello` function directly.
* Allows calling the function without the module name.
* Cleaner when only one function is needed.
---
## 4. The `__name__` Concept
Every Python file has a built-in variable called `__name__`.
### Code
```python
print(__name__)
```
### Behavior
#### When a File Is Run Directly
```bash
python3 abbas.py
```
Output:
```text
__main__
```
* This means the file is the **entry point** of the program.
#### When a File Is Imported
```python
import abbas
```
Output:
```text
abbas
```
* `__name__` is set to the **module name**, not `__main__`.
---
## 5. Why `__name__ == "__main__"` Is Important
This pattern allows code to run **only when the file is executed directly**, not when imported.
### Example
```python
def main():
print("Running directly")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
```
### Explanation
* The code inside the `if` block runs only when the file is executed directly.
* Prevents unwanted execution when the file is imported as a module.
* This is a standard Python best practice.
---
## Summary
* **Module**: A single `.py` file
* **Package**: A directory containing modules
* `__init__.py`: Marks a directory as a package
* `import module`: Imports the whole module
* `from module import item`: Imports specific items
* `__name__`: Identifies how a file is executed

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# 06 – Error Handling, Linting, Formatting, and Testing in Python
This document explains how Python handles runtime errors, how to write safer code using `try / except`, and how to improve code quality using **linting**, **formatting**, and **unit testing** tools.
---
## 1. Error Handling with `try / except`
Python uses `try / except` blocks to handle runtime errors gracefully without crashing the program.
### Example
```python
def abbas(a, b):
try:
res = a / b
print(res)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Zero Number Detected")
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error Detected {e}")
abbas(1, 0)
```
### Explanation
* The code inside `try` is executed first.
* If no error occurs, the result is printed.
* If `b` is `0`, a `ZeroDivisionError` is raised.
* The specific `ZeroDivisionError` block runs first.
* Any other error is caught by the generic `Exception` block.
### Key Rule
* Always catch **specific exceptions first**.
* Use `Exception` only as a fallback.
---
## 2. Full `try / except` Structure
Python supports additional blocks for more control.
### Syntax
```python
try:
# code that may raise an error
except:
# runs if an error occurs
else:
# runs if no error occurs
finally:
# always runs
```
### Explanation
* `try`: code that may fail
* `except`: handles errors
* `else`: runs only if no exception occurred
* `finally`: runs no matter what (used for cleanup)
---
## 3. Linting with `pylint`
Linting analyzes code for:
* Syntax errors
* Style problems
* Bad practices
### Basic Command
```bash
pylint main.py
```
### Detailed Report
```bash
pylint --report y main.py
```
### Explanation
* `pylint` gives a score and suggestions.
* Helps maintain readable and maintainable code.
* Commonly used in professional Python projects.
---
## 4. Code Formatting with `black`
`black` is an automatic code formatter that enforces a consistent style.
### Command
```bash
black main.py
```
### Explanation
* Reformats code automatically.
* Removes style debates.
* Safe and widely used.
---
## 5. Unit Testing with `unittest`
Unit tests verify that individual parts of code behave as expected.
---
### Application Code
#### `abbas.py`
```python
def bemola(a, b):
try:
res = a / b
print(res)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Zero Number Detected")
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error Detected {e}")
```
---
### Test Code
#### `abbas_test.py`
```python
import unittest
from abbas import bemola
class TestAbbas(unittest.TestCase):
def test_bemola(self):
a = 10
b = 2
self.assertEqual(bemola(a, b), 5)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()
```
---
### Explanation
#### `unittest.TestCase`
* Base class for writing test cases.
#### Test Method
```python
def test_bemola(self):
```
* Test methods must start with `test_`.
#### Assertion
```python
self.assertEqual(bemola(a, b), 5)
```
* Checks if the function returns the expected result.
---
### Important Note (Design Issue)
The function `bemola` **prints** the result but does not return it.
```python
print(res)
```
This causes the test to fail because the function returns `None`.
#### Correct Implementation
```python
def bemola(a, b):
try:
return a / b
except ZeroDivisionError:
return "Zero Number Detected"
except Exception as e:
return f"Error Detected {e}"
```
This version:
* Returns values instead of printing
* Is testable
* Follows best practices
---
## Summary
* `try / except` prevents program crashes
* `else` runs only when no error occurs
* `finally` always runs
* `pylint` improves code quality
* `black` enforces formatting
* `unittest` verifies correctness
* Functions should **return values**, not print them, when tested

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# 08 – Decorators in Python
This document explains **decorators**, how they work, and how they are used to extend function behavior without modifying the original function code.
---
## 1. What Is a Decorator?
A **decorator** is a function that:
* Takes another function as input
* Adds extra behavior
* Returns a new function
Decorators are commonly used for:
* Input validation
* Logging
* Authentication
* Performance measurement
* Access control
---
## 2. Basic Decorator Structure
A decorator has three layers:
1. The decorator function
2. The wrapper function
3. The original function
### General Pattern
```python
def decorator(func):
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
# extra behavior
return func(*args, **kwargs)
return wrapper
```
---
## 3. Example: Input Validation Decorator
### Code
```python
def check_number(func):
def wrapper(a, b):
if not (isinstance(a, (int, float)) and isinstance(b, (int, float))):
print("Input must be numbers")
return
return func(a, b)
return wrapper
```
### Explanation
* `check_number` is the decorator.
* `func` is the function being decorated.
* `wrapper` replaces the original function.
* `a` and `b` are the arguments passed to the original function.
* `isinstance(a, (int, float))` ensures inputs are numeric.
* If validation fails, execution stops.
* If validation passes, the original function is called.
---
## 4. Using the Decorator with `@` Syntax
### Code
```python
@check_number
def bemola(a, b):
try:
res = a / b
print(res)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Zero Number Detected")
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error Detected {e}")
```
### What Happens Internally
This line:
```python
@check_number
```
Is equivalent to:
```python
bemola = check_number(bemola)
```
The function `bemola` is replaced by `wrapper`.
---
## 5. Execution Flow
When calling:
```python
bemola(10, 2)
```
The flow is:
1. `wrapper(10, 2)` is called
2. Inputs are validated
3. `func(10, 2)` is executed
4. Result is printed
If calling:
```python
bemola(10, "a")
```
The output will be:
```text
Input must be numbers
```
---
## 6. Why Use Decorators?
Without decorators, input validation would need to be repeated in every function.
Decorators allow:
* Reusable logic
* Cleaner code
* Separation of concerns
---
## 7. Limitations in This Example
* The decorator only works with exactly two arguments.
* It does not preserve the original function’s metadata (`__name__`, `__doc__`).
---
## 8. Improved Version (Best Practice)
```python
from functools import wraps
def check_number(func):
@wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
if not all(isinstance(x, (int, float)) for x in args):
print("Input must be numbers")
return
return func(*args, **kwargs)
return wrapper
```
### Improvements
* Supports any number of arguments
* Preserves function name and documentation
* More reusable and professional
---
## Summary
* Decorators modify function behavior without changing its code
* They wrap functions inside another function
* `@decorator` is syntactic sugar
* Commonly used for validation, logging, and access control
* Best practice is to use `*args`, `**kwargs`, and `functools.wraps`

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# 09 – Python Standard Library
This document introduces some of the most commonly used **Python standard library** modules:
* `datetime`
* `math`
* `random`
* `decimal`
These modules come bundled with Python and require no external installation.
---
## 1. Date and Time with `datetime`
The `datetime` module provides classes for working with dates and times.
---
### Working with Dates
#### Code
```python
import datetime
date_1 = datetime.date(2026, 1, 1)
print(date_1.year)
print(date_1.month)
print(date_1.day)
print(date_1.weekday)
print(date_1.ctime)
```
#### Explanation
* `datetime.date(year, month, day)` creates a date object.
* `.year`, `.month`, `.day` access individual components.
#### Important Note
```python
date_1.weekday()
```
* Returns the day of the week as an integer:
* Monday = 0
* Sunday = 6
```python
date_1.ctime()
```
* Returns a human-readable string representation of the date.
---
### Working with Time
#### Code
```python
time_1 = datetime.time(12, 12)
print(time_1.hour)
print(time_1.min)
```
#### Explanation
* `datetime.time(hour, minute)` creates a time object.
* `.hour` returns the hour.
* `.minute` returns the minute.
---
### Working with Date and Time Together
#### Code
```python
abbas_birth = datetime.datetime(2026, 1, 1, 12, 12)
today = datetime.date.today()
now = datetime.datetime.now()
diff_time = now - abbas_birth
```
#### Explanation
* `datetime.datetime` includes both date and time.
* `date.today()` returns today’s date.
* `datetime.now()` returns the current date and time.
* Subtracting two `datetime` objects returns a `timedelta`.
---
## 2. Mathematical Operations with `math`
The `math` module provides advanced mathematical functions and constants.
---
### Mathematical Constants
```python
import math
print(math.pi)
print(math.e)
print(math.inf)
```
* `math.pi`: π constant
* `math.e`: Euler’s number
* `math.inf`: infinity
---
### Power and Rounding
```python
print(math.pow(2, 3))
print(round(4.2))
print(round(4.8))
```
* `math.pow(a, b)` returns `a` raised to the power of `b`.
* `round()` rounds to the nearest integer.
---
### Floor and Ceil
```python
print(math.floor(4.2))
print(math.floor(4.9))
print(math.ceil(4.2))
print(math.ceil(4.9))
```
* `floor`: rounds down
* `ceil`: rounds up
---
### Logarithms
```python
print(math.log(100, 10))
```
* Returns the logarithm of 100 with base 10.
---
## 3. Random Values with `random`
The `random` module is used to generate pseudo-random values.
---
### Random Numbers
```python
import random
print(random.randint(1, 6))
print(random.random())
```
* `randint(a, b)`: random integer between `a` and `b` (inclusive)
* `random()`: random float between `0` and `1`
---
### Random Selection
```python
number_list = list(range(15))
print(random.choice(number_list))
char_list = ['a', 'm', 's']
print(random.choice(char_list))
```
* `choice()` selects a random element from a sequence.
---
### Shuffling
```python
random.shuffle(number_list)
print(number_list)
```
* `shuffle()` randomly rearranges the list in place.
---
## 4. Decimal Precision with `decimal`
The `decimal` module provides precise decimal arithmetic, avoiding floating-point errors.
---
### Decimal Context
```python
import decimal
print(decimal.getcontext())
```
* Shows current precision and rounding settings.
---
### Float vs Decimal
```python
print(decimal.Decimal(0.1))
print(decimal.Decimal('0.1'))
```
* Passing a float carries floating-point error.
* Passing a string preserves exact value.
---
### Precision Comparison
```python
print(0.1 + 0.2 == 0.3)
```
Returns `False` due to floating-point precision issues.
```python
print(decimal.Decimal(0.1) + decimal.Decimal(0.2) == decimal.Decimal(0.3))
```
Still `False` because the floats are imprecise.
```python
print(decimal.Decimal('0.1') + decimal.Decimal('0.2') == decimal.Decimal('0.3'))
```
Returns `True` because strings preserve precision.
---
## Summary
* `datetime` handles dates and times
* `math` provides mathematical constants and functions
* `random` generates pseudo-random values
* `decimal` solves floating-point precision problems
* Always use strings when creating `Decimal` values

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Docs/Libs/Docker/03-Container-Lifecycle.md → Docs/Libs/Docker/03-Containers.md
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0
Docs/Libs/Docker/04-Container-Configuration.md
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Docs/Libs/Docker/05-Networks.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
```python
import docker
import time
docker_client = docker.DockerClient(base_url="unix://var/run/docker.sock")
docker_client.ping()
print("All Networks:\n")
all_networks = docker_client.networks.list()
for network in all_networks:
print(network.name, network.id)
print("\nNetworks Named host and bridge:\n")
system_networks = docker_client.networks.list(names=["host", "bridge"])
for network in system_networks:
print(network.name, network.id)
print("\nNetwork With Custom ID:\n")
custom_id_networks = docker_client.networks.list(
ids=["29c9e588bb8e0db6445f2a2278a1c2f42e39dc163c0a404f744dc4139fe47d21"]
)
for network in custom_id_networks:
print(network.name, network.id)
print("\nNetwork With Custom ID (Including Attributes):\n")
custom_id_networks = docker_client.networks.list(
ids=["29c9e588bb8e0db6445f2a2278a1c2f42e39dc163c0a404f744dc4139fe47d21"]
)
for network in custom_id_networks:
print(network.name, network.id, network.attrs)
print("\nNetwork With Custom Filter:\n")
filtered_networks = docker_client.networks.list(
names=["gitea_default"],
filters={"driver": "bridge"}
)
for network in filtered_networks:
if network.attrs["Driver"]:
print(network.name, network.id)
print("\nNetwork With Custom Filter (Greedy):\n")
filtered_networks = docker_client.networks.list(
names=["gitea_default"],
filters={"driver": "bridge"},
greedy=True
)
for network in filtered_networks:
if network.attrs["Driver"]:
print(network.name, network.id, network.attrs)
```
```python
```

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# FastAPI – Simple Route Example
## Overview
This document explains how to create a basic FastAPI application with a single HTTP route and how to run it using `uvicorn`.
FastAPI is an ASGI web framework, and `uvicorn` is commonly used as the ASGI server to run FastAPI applications.
This document demonstrates how to create a basic FastAPI application with a single HTTP route and how to run it using `uvicorn`, which is the default and recommended ASGI server for FastAPI.
---
# 1. Create a Simple FastAPI Application
## Create a Simple FastAPI Application
Create a Python file named:
```text
main.py
```
Add the following code:
Create a Python file named `main.py` and add the following content:
```python
from fastapi import FastAPI
@@ -29,243 +19,72 @@ def home_dir():
return {"message": "Home Page"}
```
---
### Explanation
# 2. Code Explanation
## Import FastAPI
```python
from fastapi import FastAPI
```
This imports the `FastAPI` class from the FastAPI package.
* `FastAPI()` initializes the application instance.
* `@app.get("/")` registers an HTTP GET endpoint at the root path (`/`).
* The `home_dir` function is the request handler and returns a JSON response.
* FastAPI automatically handles JSON serialization and response headers.
---
## Create the Application Instance
## Running the Application
```python
app = FastAPI()
```
FastAPI applications are typically run using **uvicorn**, an ASGI server designed for high performance.
This creates the main FastAPI application instance.
### Option 1: Run Using FastAPI CLI (Development Mode)
The variable name `app` is important because it is later used by `uvicorn` when starting the server.
---
## Define a GET Route
```python
@app.get("/")
def home_dir():
return {"message": "Home Page"}
```
This creates an HTTP `GET` endpoint at the root path:
```http
GET /
```
When a user sends a request to `/`, the `home_dir` function is executed.
The function returns a Python dictionary:
```python
{"message": "Home Page"}
```
FastAPI automatically converts this dictionary into a JSON response.
---
# 3. Running the Application
FastAPI applications are usually run using `uvicorn`.
---
## Option 1: Run Using FastAPI CLI
You can run the application in development mode using:
FastAPI provides a development-friendly CLI wrapper that uses `uvicorn` internally:
```bash
fastapi dev main.py
```
This command starts the FastAPI application in development mode.
This command:
It is useful during local development because it supports automatic reload when the source code changes.
* Starts the application in development mode
* Enables auto-reload on code changes
* Automatically binds to a local development interface
---
## Option 2: Run Directly with Uvicorn
### Option 2: Run Directly with Uvicorn (Recommended)
You can also run the application directly using `uvicorn`:
For explicit control over runtime configuration, run the application directly with `uvicorn`:
```bash
uvicorn main:app --reload --host 0.0.0.0 --port 1234
```
This is the more explicit and commonly used method.
#### Command Breakdown
* `main` → Python file name (without `.py`)
* `app` → FastAPI application instance
* `--reload` → Automatically reloads the server on code changes (development only)
* `--host 0.0.0.0` → Exposes the service on all network interfaces
* `--port 1234` → Custom application port
---
# 4. Uvicorn Command Breakdown
## Accessing the Application
```bash
uvicorn main:app --reload --host 0.0.0.0 --port 1234
```
Once running, the application will be available at:
## `uvicorn`
* API Endpoint:
`http://localhost:1234/`
Starts the ASGI server.
* Interactive API Docs (Swagger UI):
`http://localhost:1234/docs`
## `main`
Refers to the Python file name:
```text
main.py
```
You write `main`, not `main.py`.
## `app`
Refers to the FastAPI application instance:
```python
app = FastAPI()
```
## `--reload`
Automatically restarts the server when code changes.
This should only be used in development.
## `--host 0.0.0.0`
Makes the application listen on all available network interfaces.
This is useful when running inside Docker, virtual machines, or remote servers.
## `--port 1234`
Runs the application on port `1234`.
* Alternative API Docs (ReDoc):
`http://localhost:1234/redoc`
---
# 5. Accessing the Application
## Best Practices
After starting the server, the application will be available at:
* Use `--reload` only in development environments
* In production, run `uvicorn` behind a process manager (e.g., systemd, Docker, Kubernetes)
* Explicitly define host and port for containerized and cloud deployments
* Keep the application entry point (`main:app`) consistent across environments
```text
http://localhost:1234/
```
The response will be:
```json
{
"message": "Home Page"
}
```
---
# 6. Interactive API Documentation
FastAPI automatically generates API documentation.
## Swagger UI
```text
http://localhost:1234/docs
```
Swagger UI allows you to test API endpoints directly from the browser.
## ReDoc
```text
http://localhost:1234/redoc
```
ReDoc provides a clean documentation view for the API.
---
# 7. Complete Example
```python
from fastapi import FastAPI
app = FastAPI()
@app.get("/")
def home_dir():
return {"message": "Home Page"}
```
Run it with:
```bash
uvicorn main:app --reload --host 0.0.0.0 --port 1234
```
---
# 8. Best Practices
Use `--reload` only during development.
Use a consistent application entry point such as:
```text
main:app
```
Explicitly define the host and port in Docker, cloud, or server environments.
Use `0.0.0.0` when the application needs to be reachable from outside the local machine.
Use `127.0.0.1` or `localhost` when the application should only be accessible locally.
Do not expose development servers directly to the internet.
In production, run FastAPI behind a proper process manager, reverse proxy, or container orchestration platform.
---
# 9. DevOps Production Note
The following command is suitable for local development:
```bash
uvicorn main:app --reload --host 0.0.0.0 --port 1234
```
For production, avoid using `--reload`.
A typical production setup may include:
```text
FastAPI
Uvicorn or Gunicorn with Uvicorn workers
Nginx or Traefik
Docker or Kubernetes
Logging and monitoring
Health checks
Environment-based configuration
```
Example production-style command:
```bash
uvicorn main:app --host 0.0.0.0 --port 1234
```

473
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View File

@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
# FastAPI – GET Endpoints and JSON Responses
## Overview
This document explains how to create multiple `GET` endpoints in FastAPI, return JSON responses, and use path parameters to retrieve specific data from an in-memory dataset.
The example uses a simple list of users to simulate a database.
This document demonstrates how to define multiple **GET endpoints** in FastAPI, return JSON responses, and use **path parameters** to retrieve specific data from an in-memory dataset.
---
# 1. Example Application
## Example Application
Create or update `main.py` with the following content:
@@ -39,38 +35,24 @@ def get_user_by_name(name_input: str):
for item in users:
if item["name"] == name_input:
return {"information": item}
return {"message": "User not found"}
```
---
# 2. Application Initialization
## Code Overview
### Application Initialization
```python
app = FastAPI()
```
This creates the main FastAPI application instance.
The variable `app` is used by `uvicorn` when starting the service.
Example:
```bash
uvicorn main:app --reload
```
In `main:app`:
```text
main = Python file name
app = FastAPI application instance
```
Initializes the FastAPI application instance.
---
# 3. In-Memory Data Store
### In-Memory Data Store
```python
users = [
@@ -80,64 +62,21 @@ users = [
]
```
This list is used as temporary storage.
Each user is represented as a Python dictionary.
FastAPI can automatically convert these dictionaries into JSON responses.
Example Python object:
```python
{"name": "abbas", "age": 20}
```
Example JSON response:
```json
{
"name": "abbas",
"age": 20
}
```
## Important Note
This in-memory list is only suitable for learning, development, and testing.
If the application restarts, the data will be reset.
For production, use a persistent database such as PostgreSQL, MySQL, MongoDB, or another database system.
* Simulates a database using a Python list
* Each user is represented as a JSON-compatible dictionary
* Suitable for development and testing purposes
---
# 4. Defined Endpoints
## Defined Endpoints
The application defines three `GET` endpoints:
```http
GET /
GET /users
GET /user/{name_input}
```
---
# 5. Root Endpoint
```python
@app.get("/")
def root_dir():
return {"message": "API is working"}
```
This endpoint is available at:
### Root Endpoint
```http
GET /
```
It returns a simple JSON response:
**Response:**
```json
{
@@ -145,96 +84,43 @@ It returns a simple JSON response:
}
```
This type of endpoint is commonly used as a simple health check.
For example, load balancers, monitoring systems, or Kubernetes probes can use it to check whether the API is reachable.
Used as a health check or readiness probe.
---
# 6. Get All Users Endpoint
```python
@app.get("/users")
def get_users():
return users
```
This endpoint is available at:
### Get All Users
```http
GET /users
```
It returns the full list of users.
Example response:
**Response:**
```json
[
{
"name": "abbas",
"age": 20
},
{
"name": "mmd",
"age": 37
},
{
"name": "asghar",
"age": 19
}
{"name": "abbas", "age": 20},
{"name": "mmd", "age": 37},
{"name": "asghar", "age": 19}
]
```
FastAPI automatically serializes the Python list into a JSON array.
Returns the full list of users as JSON.
---
# 7. Get User by Name Endpoint
```python
@app.get("/user/{name_input}")
def get_user_by_name(name_input: str):
for item in users:
if item["name"] == name_input:
return {"information": item}
return {"message": "User not found"}
```
This endpoint is available at:
### Get User by Name (Path Parameter)
```http
GET /user/{name_input}
```
The `{name_input}` part is a path parameter.
Example request:
**Example Request:**
```http
GET /user/abbas
```
In this request, FastAPI assigns:
```python
name_input = "abbas"
```
The function then searches the `users` list for a user whose name matches the input.
---
# 8. Successful Response Example
Request:
```http
GET /user/abbas
```
Response:
**Successful Response:**
```json
{
@@ -245,17 +131,7 @@ Response:
}
```
---
# 9. Failure Response Example
Request:
```http
GET /user/ali
```
Response:
**Failure Response:**
```json
{
@@ -263,304 +139,31 @@ Response:
}
```
In the current simple version, the API returns a normal JSON message even when the user does not exist.
---
However, in a real API, it is better to return a proper `404 Not Found` response.
## Path Parameters
* `name_input` is a dynamic path parameter
* Automatically validated and converted to `str` by FastAPI
* Used to filter data at runtime
---
# 10. Path Parameters
## Running the Application
A path parameter is a dynamic part of the URL.
In this route:
```python
@app.get("/user/{name_input}")
```
`name_input` is a path parameter.
Example:
```http
GET /user/mmd
```
FastAPI extracts the value from the URL and passes it to the function:
```python
def get_user_by_name(name_input: str):
```
Because `name_input` is defined as a string:
```python
name_input: str
```
FastAPI validates it as a string.
---
# 11. Better Version with HTTPException
The previous version works, but it does not return the correct HTTP status code when a user is not found.
A better version uses `HTTPException`.
```python
from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException, status
app = FastAPI()
users = [
{"name": "abbas", "age": 20},
{"name": "mmd", "age": 37},
{"name": "asghar", "age": 19},
]
@app.get("/")
def root_dir():
return {"message": "API is working"}
@app.get("/users")
def get_users():
return users
@app.get("/user/{name_input}")
def get_user_by_name(name_input: str):
for item in users:
if item["name"] == name_input:
return {"information": item}
raise HTTPException(
status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND,
detail="User not found"
)
```
---
# 12. Improved Failure Response
Request:
```http
GET /user/ali
```
Response:
```json
{
"detail": "User not found"
}
```
HTTP status code:
```http
404 Not Found
```
This is better because the API response now correctly tells the client that the requested resource does not exist.
---
# 13. Running the Application
Start the FastAPI application using `uvicorn`:
Use `uvicorn` to start the service:
```bash
uvicorn main:app --reload
```
The application will be available at:
```text
http://localhost:8000
```
---
# 14. Accessing the Endpoints
## Best Practices
Root endpoint:
* Use structured JSON responses (`key: value`) instead of tuples
* Validate user input when moving beyond in-memory data
* Replace in-memory storage with a database for production
* Use proper HTTP status codes (`404`, `200`) in real-world APIs
* Separate routing, models, and business logic as the project grows
```text
http://localhost:8000/
```
Get all users:
```text
http://localhost:8000/users
```
Get user by name:
```text
http://localhost:8000/user/abbas
```
Interactive API documentation:
```text
http://localhost:8000/docs
```
Alternative API documentation:
```text
http://localhost:8000/redoc
```
---
# 15. Testing with curl
## Test Root Endpoint
```bash
curl http://localhost:8000/
```
Response:
```json
{
"message": "API is working"
}
```
## Test Get All Users
```bash
curl http://localhost:8000/users
```
Response:
```json
[
{
"name": "abbas",
"age": 20
},
{
"name": "mmd",
"age": 37
},
{
"name": "asghar",
"age": 19
}
]
```
## Test Get User by Name
```bash
curl http://localhost:8000/user/abbas
```
Response:
```json
{
"information": {
"name": "abbas",
"age": 20
}
}
```
## Test User Not Found
```bash
curl http://localhost:8000/user/ali
```
Response:
```json
{
"detail": "User not found"
}
```
---
# 16. Complete Recommended Version
```python
from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException, status
app = FastAPI()
users = [
{"name": "abbas", "age": 20},
{"name": "mmd", "age": 37},
{"name": "asghar", "age": 19},
]
@app.get("/")
def root_dir():
return {"message": "API is working"}
@app.get("/users")
def get_users():
return users
@app.get("/user/{name_input}")
def get_user_by_name(name_input: str):
for item in users:
if item["name"] == name_input:
return {"information": item}
raise HTTPException(
status_code=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND,
detail="User not found"
)
```
---
# 17. Best Practices
Use `GET` endpoints only for retrieving data.
Do not use `GET` requests to create, update, or delete resources.
Return structured JSON responses.
Use proper HTTP status codes.
Use `404 Not Found` when a requested resource does not exist.
Use `200 OK` when the request is successful.
Replace in-memory lists with a real database in production.
Keep route names clear and consistent.
Use plural naming for collection endpoints, such as:
```http
GET /users
```
Use specific resource endpoints for single items, such as:
```http
GET /users/{username}
```
As the project grows, separate code into different files for routes, models, services, and database logic.

340
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View File

@@ -1,19 +1,12 @@
# FastAPI – POST Endpoint and JSON Input
## Overview
This document explains how to create a `POST` endpoint in FastAPI for adding new users. It covers two approaches:
1. Sending input as query parameters
2. Sending input as a JSON request body using a Pydantic model
For real API development, the Pydantic model approach is recommended because it provides a cleaner structure, better validation, and more realistic request handling.
This section demonstrates how to handle **POST requests** in FastAPI to create new resources using request data and return JSON responses.
---
# 1. Example Application Using Query Parameters
## Example Application (POST Request)
Create or update `main.py` with the following code:
Extend `main.py` with the following code:
```python
from fastapi import FastAPI
@@ -39,154 +32,59 @@ def create_user(name: str, age: int):
return {"msg": "User created successfully"}
```
## Explanation
---
## Code Overview
### POST Endpoint Definition
```python
@app.post("/new_user")
def create_user(name: str, age: int):
```
This registers a `POST` endpoint at:
* Registers an HTTP **POST** endpoint at `/new_user`
* Accepts input parameters:
```http
POST /new_user
```
* `name` → string
* `age` → integer
* FastAPI automatically validates input types
The endpoint receives two parameters:
---
### Creating a New Resource
```python
name: str
age: int
new_user = {"name": name, "age": age}
users.append(new_user)
```
FastAPI automatically validates the input types. If `age` is not an integer, FastAPI returns a validation error.
* Constructs a new user object
* Appends it to the in-memory `users` list
* Simulates creating a record in a database
---
### JSON Response
```python
return {"msg": "User created successfully"}
```
* Returns a structured JSON response
* Automatically serialized by FastAPI
---
## Example Request
### Using `curl`
```bash
curl -X POST "http://localhost:8000/new_user?name=ali&age=25"
```
## Example Response
```json
{
"msg": "User created successfully"
}
```
## Important Note
In this version, the data is sent through query parameters, not as a JSON body.
This is acceptable for simple testing, but it is not the best practice for real APIs that create resources.
---
# 2. Recommended Application Using JSON Body
A better approach is to define a Pydantic model and receive the user data as JSON.
```python
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class User(BaseModel):
name: str
age: int
users = [
{"name": "abbas", "age": 20},
{"name": "mmd", "age": 37},
{"name": "asghar", "age": 19},
]
@app.get("/")
def home_page():
return {"msg": "API is working"}
@app.post("/new_user")
def create_user(user: User):
new_user = {"name": user.name, "age": user.age}
users.append(new_user)
return {"msg": "User created successfully"}
```
## Explanation
```python
class User(BaseModel):
name: str
age: int
```
This creates a request model named `User`.
The model defines the expected structure of the JSON input:
```json
{
"name": "ali",
"age": 25
}
```
FastAPI uses this model to:
Validate incoming data
Convert JSON into a Python object
Generate automatic API documentation
Return useful validation errors when input is invalid
---
# 3. POST Endpoint Definition
```python
@app.post("/new_user")
def create_user(user: User):
```
This creates a `POST` endpoint at:
```http
POST /new_user
```
The endpoint expects a JSON request body matching the `User` model.
---
# 4. Creating a New Resource
```python
new_user = {"name": user.name, "age": user.age}
users.append(new_user)
```
This code creates a new dictionary using the received request data and appends it to the `users` list.
The `users` list acts as temporary in-memory storage.
This simulates inserting a new record into a database.
---
# 5. Returning a JSON Response
```python
return {"msg": "User created successfully"}
```
FastAPI automatically converts the returned dictionary into a JSON response.
Example response:
### Response
```json
{
@@ -196,174 +94,34 @@ Example response:
---
# 6. Example Request Using curl
## Verifying the Result
```bash
curl -X POST "http://localhost:8000/new_user" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"name": "ali", "age": 25}'
```
## Response
```json
{
"msg": "User created successfully"
}
```
---
# 7. Verifying the Result
To verify that the user was added, you should also define a `GET /users` endpoint.
```python
@app.get("/users")
def get_users():
return users
```
Then send this request:
After creating a user, retrieve the updated list:
```http
GET /users
```
Example response:
```json
[
{
"name": "abbas",
"age": 20
},
{
"name": "mmd",
"age": 37
},
{
"name": "asghar",
"age": 19
},
{
"name": "ali",
"age": 25
}
]
```
Response will now include the newly added user.
---
# 8. Complete Recommended Version
## Running the Application
```python
from fastapi import FastAPI, status
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class User(BaseModel):
name: str
age: int
users = [
{"name": "abbas", "age": 20},
{"name": "mmd", "age": 37},
{"name": "asghar", "age": 19},
]
@app.get("/")
def home_page():
return {"msg": "API is working"}
@app.get("/users")
def get_users():
return users
@app.post("/new_user", status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
def create_user(user: User):
new_user = {"name": user.name, "age": user.age}
users.append(new_user)
return {
"msg": "User created successfully",
"user": new_user
}
```
---
# 9. Running the Application
Start the FastAPI application using `uvicorn`:
Start the FastAPI service using `uvicorn`:
```bash
uvicorn main:app --reload
```
The API will run at:
```text
http://localhost:8000
```
Interactive API documentation will be available at:
```text
http://localhost:8000/docs
```
---
# 10. Best Practices
## Best Practices
Use `POST` requests when creating new resources.
* POST requests should be used to create resources
* Avoid modifying in-memory data in production environments
* Use request bodies with Pydantic models instead of query parameters for real APIs
* Return appropriate HTTP status codes (`201 Created`)
* Validate and sanitize all client-provided input
* Replace in-memory storage with persistent databases
Use Pydantic models for request bodies instead of query parameters.
Return proper HTTP status codes, such as:
```http
201 Created
```
Do not use in-memory lists for production data storage.
Use a real database such as PostgreSQL, MySQL, or MongoDB in production.
Validate and sanitize all client-provided input.
Keep model names clear and professional. For example, use `User` instead of `user_class`.
Return meaningful responses that include the created resource when useful.
Use `/docs` to test and verify API behavior during development.
---
# 11. Production Note for DevOps
The in-memory `users` list is reset every time the application restarts. In production environments, application data must be stored in a persistent database.
For production deployment, the FastAPI application should usually run behind a process manager and reverse proxy, such as:
```text
Gunicorn / Uvicorn workers
Nginx or Traefik
Docker or Kubernetes
PostgreSQL or another persistent database
```
The development command:
```bash
uvicorn main:app --reload
```
should not be used in production because `--reload` is intended only for local development.

122
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View File

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
# FastAPI – JSONResponse (Explicit JSON Responses)
This document demonstrates how to return **explicit JSON responses** in FastAPI using `JSONResponse`.
While FastAPI automatically serializes dictionaries to JSON, `JSONResponse` is useful when you need **full control** over the response.
---
## Example Application
Create or update `main.py` with the following content:
```python
from fastapi import FastAPI, status
from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
app = FastAPI()
@app.get("/")
def home():
return JSONResponse(
content={"msg": "API is working"},
status_code=status.HTTP_200_OK
)
```
---
## Why Use `JSONResponse`
FastAPI automatically converts Python dictionaries into JSON responses.
However, `JSONResponse` is useful when you need to:
* Explicitly control the response type
* Set custom status codes dynamically
* Customize headers
* Return non-standard JSON structures
* Override default response behavior
---
## Response Behavior
### Endpoint
```http
GET /
```
### Response Body
```json
{
"msg": "API is working"
}
```
### HTTP Status Code
```
200 OK
```
---
## Comparison: Default Response vs JSONResponse
### Default FastAPI Response
```python
@app.get("/")
def home():
return {"msg": "API is working"}
```
* Automatically serialized to JSON
* Simpler and recommended for most cases
---
### Explicit JSONResponse
```python
return JSONResponse(
content={"msg": "API is working"},
status_code=status.HTTP_200_OK
)
```
* Explicit control over response
* Useful for advanced use cases
---
## When to Use `JSONResponse`
* Returning conditional status codes
* Adding custom headers
* Returning responses outside standard request flow
* Building middleware or exception handlers
* Integrating with legacy systems
---
## Running the Application
Start the application using `uvicorn`:
```bash
uvicorn main:app --reload
```
---
## Best Practices
* Prefer returning dictionaries for simple APIs
* Use `JSONResponse` only when additional control is required
* Keep response formats consistent across endpoints
* Avoid mixing response styles unnecessarily
* Use response models for structured APIs

514
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View File

@@ -1,514 +0,0 @@
# FastAPI – Response Model and JSONResponse
## Overview
This document explains two important FastAPI response concepts:
1. Using `response_model` to control what data is returned to the client
2. Using `JSONResponse` when you need explicit control over the response body, status code, or headers
Response models are especially useful when you want to hide sensitive fields such as passwords from API responses.
---
# 1. Response Model
## Incorrect Example
The following code has several issues:
```python
from fastapi import FastAPI, status , HTTPExption
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class usersin(BaseModel):
username: str
pass: str
class usersout(BaseModel):
username: str
@app.post("/user")
def home(user: usersin, responce_model=usersout):
return user
```
## Problems in the Code
### 1. `HTTPExption` is misspelled
Correct import:
```python
HTTPException
```
### 2. `pass` cannot be used as a field name
`pass` is a reserved keyword in Python.
Instead of:
```python
pass: str
```
Use:
```python
password: str
```
### 3. `response_model` is written in the wrong place
This is incorrect:
```python
def home(user: usersin, responce_model=usersout):
```
`response_model` must be passed inside the route decorator.
Correct:
```python
@app.post("/user", response_model=UserOut)
```
### 4. `responce_model` is misspelled
Correct spelling:
```python
response_model
```
---
# 2. Correct Response Model Example
Create or update `main.py` with the following content:
```python
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class UserIn(BaseModel):
username: str
password: str
class UserOut(BaseModel):
username: str
@app.post("/user", response_model=UserOut)
def create_user(user: UserIn):
return user
```
---
# 3. How Response Model Works
## Input Model
```python
class UserIn(BaseModel):
username: str
password: str
```
This model defines the data that the API receives from the client.
Example request body:
```json
{
"username": "abbas",
"password": "123456"
}
```
The API accepts both fields:
```text
username
password
```
---
## Output Model
```python
class UserOut(BaseModel):
username: str
```
This model defines the data that the API returns to the client.
Even though the endpoint receives the password, the response only returns the username.
Example response:
```json
{
"username": "abbas"
}
```
The password is removed from the response automatically.
---
# 4. Endpoint Definition
```python
@app.post("/user", response_model=UserOut)
def create_user(user: UserIn):
return user
```
This creates a `POST` endpoint at:
```http
POST /user
```
The endpoint receives data based on `UserIn` and returns data based on `UserOut`.
FastAPI uses `response_model` to filter the response before sending it to the client.
---
# 5. Example Request
## Using curl
```bash
curl -X POST "http://localhost:8000/user" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"username": "abbas", "password": "123456"}'
```
## Response
```json
{
"username": "abbas"
}
```
The password is not included in the response.
---
# 6. Why Use Response Models
Response models are useful because they help you:
Protect sensitive data
Keep API responses consistent
Control exactly what the client receives
Improve automatic documentation
Validate response data before sending it
Separate input schemas from output schemas
---
# 7. Better Version with Status Code
For user creation endpoints, it is better to return `201 Created`.
```python
from fastapi import FastAPI, status
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class UserIn(BaseModel):
username: str
password: str
class UserOut(BaseModel):
username: str
@app.post(
"/user",
response_model=UserOut,
status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED
)
def create_user(user: UserIn):
return user
```
---
# 8. JSONResponse
FastAPI automatically converts Python dictionaries into JSON responses.
For most endpoints, this is enough:
```python
@app.get("/")
def home():
return {"msg": "API is working"}
```
However, FastAPI also allows you to use `JSONResponse` when you need more control.
---
# 9. Example Application Using JSONResponse
Create or update `main.py` with the following content:
```python
from fastapi import FastAPI, status
from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
app = FastAPI()
@app.get("/")
def home():
return JSONResponse(
content={"msg": "API is working"},
status_code=status.HTTP_200_OK
)
```
---
# 10. Response Behavior
## Endpoint
```http
GET /
```
## Response Body
```json
{
"msg": "API is working"
}
```
## HTTP Status Code
```http
200 OK
```
---
# 11. Default Response vs JSONResponse
## Default FastAPI Response
```python
@app.get("/")
def home():
return {"msg": "API is working"}
```
This is the recommended style for most simple APIs.
FastAPI automatically serializes the dictionary into JSON.
---
## Explicit JSONResponse
```python
return JSONResponse(
content={"msg": "API is working"},
status_code=status.HTTP_200_OK
)
```
This gives more direct control over the response.
---
# 12. When to Use JSONResponse
Use `JSONResponse` when you need to:
Return dynamic status codes
Add custom headers
Customize the response structure manually
Return responses from exception handlers
Return responses from middleware
Override FastAPI’s default response behavior
---
# 13. Example: JSONResponse with Custom Status Code
```python
from fastapi import FastAPI, status
from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
app = FastAPI()
@app.post("/login")
def login():
return JSONResponse(
content={"msg": "Login successful"},
status_code=status.HTTP_200_OK
)
```
---
# 14. Example: JSONResponse with Headers
```python
from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
app = FastAPI()
@app.get("/custom")
def custom_response():
return JSONResponse(
content={"msg": "Custom response"},
headers={"X-App-Version": "1.0.0"}
)
```
---
# 15. Complete Example with Response Model and JSONResponse
```python
from fastapi import FastAPI, status
from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
from pydantic import BaseModel
app = FastAPI()
class UserIn(BaseModel):
username: str
password: str
class UserOut(BaseModel):
username: str
@app.get("/")
def home():
return JSONResponse(
content={"msg": "API is working"},
status_code=status.HTTP_200_OK
)
@app.post(
"/user",
response_model=UserOut,
status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED
)
def create_user(user: UserIn):
return user
```
---
# 16. Running the Application
Start the FastAPI application using `uvicorn`:
```bash
uvicorn main:app --reload
```
The API will run at:
```text
http://localhost:8000
```
Interactive API documentation will be available at:
```text
http://localhost:8000/docs
```
---
# 17. Best Practices
Use `response_model` to control API output.
Never return sensitive data such as passwords, tokens, or secrets.
Use separate models for input and output.
Use clear class names such as `UserIn` and `UserOut`.
Use `password` instead of `pass` because `pass` is a reserved Python keyword.
Place `response_model` inside the route decorator, not inside the function parameters.
Prefer returning normal dictionaries for simple responses.
Use `JSONResponse` only when extra control is required.
Use proper HTTP status codes, such as:
```http
200 OK
201 Created
400 Bad Request
401 Unauthorized
404 Not Found
500 Internal Server Error
```
Do not use `uvicorn --reload` in production.
---
# 18. DevOps Production Note
In production, the FastAPI application should usually run behind a production-grade ASGI server setup and a reverse proxy.
A common production stack is:
```text
FastAPI
Gunicorn with Uvicorn workers
Nginx or Traefik
Docker or Kubernetes
PostgreSQL or another persistent database
```
The development command:
```bash
uvicorn main:app --reload
```
is only for local development.
For production, use a more stable process configuration, such as Gunicorn with Uvicorn workers, container health checks, logging, monitoring, and proper secret management.

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Docs/Libs/Requests/requests.md
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@@ -1,312 +0,0 @@
# HTTP Requests in Python with `requests`
This document explains how to use the **`requests`** library to send HTTP requests, handle responses, work with APIs, upload/download files, manage headers, authentication, errors, and more.
> `requests` is not part of the standard library and must be installed:
```bash
pip install requests
```
---
## 1. Sending a Basic GET Request
### Code
```python
import requests
r = requests.get("http://myip.abbascloud.ir")
print(r.url)
print(r.status_code, r.ok)
print(r.text)
print(r.content)
print(r.json())
print(r.headers)
```
### Explanation
- `requests.get(url)` sends an HTTP GET request.
- `r.url`: final URL after redirects.
- `r.status_code`: HTTP status code (e.g. 200, 404).
- `r.ok`: `True` if status code is < 400.
- `r.text`: response body as string.
- `r.content`: response body as raw bytes.
- `r.json()`: parses JSON response into Python objects.
- `r.headers`: response headers as a dictionary.
---
## 2. Passing Query Parameters
### Code
```python
params = {
"q": "python",
"page": 1
}
response = requests.get("https://api.example.com/search", params=params)
print(response.url)
```
### Explanation
- `params` are appended to the URL as query strings.
- Automatically encoded by `requests`.
- Resulting URL:
```
https://api.example.com/search?q=python&page=1
```
---
## 3. Sending POST Requests (Form Data)
### Code
```python
data = {
"username": "alex",
"password": "secret"
}
requests.post(url, data=data)
```
### Explanation
- Sends data as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`.
- Common for HTML form submissions.
---
## 4. Sending POST Requests (JSON)
### Code
```python
json_data = {
"name": "Alex",
"age": 25
}
requests.post(url, json=json_data)
```
### Explanation
- Automatically serializes data to JSON.
- Sets `Content-Type: application/json`.
- Preferred for REST APIs.
---
## 5. Custom Request Headers
### Code
```python
headers = {
"Authorization": "Bearer YOUR_TOKEN",
"User-Agent": "MyApp/1.0",
"Accept": "application/json"
}
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
```
### Explanation
- Used for authentication, API versioning, and content negotiation.
- Common headers:
- `Authorization`
- `User-Agent`
- `Accept`
---
## 6. Authentication (Basic Auth)
### Code
```python
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
requests.get(
"https://api.example.com",
auth=HTTPBasicAuth("username", "password")
)
```
### Explanation
- Sends credentials using HTTP Basic Authentication.
- Automatically encodes credentials in headers.
---
## 7. Working with Cookies
### Code
```python
response = requests.get(url)
print(response.cookies)
```
### Explanation
- Cookies are stored in a `RequestsCookieJar`.
- Useful for sessions and login persistence.
---
## 8. Uploading Files
### Code
```python
files = {
"file": open("example.txt", "rb")
}
response = requests.post(url, files=files)
```
### Explanation
- Sends files as `multipart/form-data`.
- Common for file uploads to APIs.
---
## 9. Downloading Files
### Simple Download
```python
response = requests.get("https://example.com/image.png")
with open("image.png", "wb") as f:
f.write(response.content)
```
- Downloads entire file into memory.
- Suitable for small files.
---
### Streaming Large Files
```python
response = requests.get(url, stream=True)
with open("big.zip", "wb") as f:
for chunk in response.iter_content(chunk_size=8192):
f.write(chunk)
```
- Downloads file in chunks.
- Prevents high memory usage.
- Recommended for large files.
---
## 10. Timeout and Error Handling
### Code
```python
try:
response = requests.get(url, timeout=5)
response.raise_for_status()
except requests.exceptions.Timeout:
print("Request timed out")
except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as e:
print("HTTP error:", e)
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
print("Request failed:", e)
```
### Explanation
- `timeout`: maximum wait time (seconds).
- `raise_for_status()`: raises exception for 4xx / 5xx errors.
- `RequestException`: base class for all request errors.
---
## 11. Using Proxies
### Code
```python
proxies = {
"http": "http://127.0.0.1:8080",
"https": "http://127.0.0.1:8080"
}
requests.get(url, proxies=proxies)
```
### Explanation
- Routes requests through a proxy server.
- Useful for debugging, privacy, or corporate networks.
---
## 12. SSL Verification
### Code
```python
requests.get(url, verify=True) # default
requests.get(url, verify=False) # NOT recommended
```
### Explanation
- `verify=True` checks SSL certificates.
- Disabling SSL verification is insecure and should only be used for testing.
---
## 13. Real API Example (GitHub)
### Code
```python
import requests
API_URL = "https://api.github.com/users/octocat"
response = requests.get(API_URL)
if response.ok:
user = response.json()
print(user["login"], user["public_repos"])
else:
print("Error:", response.status_code)
```
### Explanation
- Sends a GET request to GitHub’s public API.
- Parses JSON response.
- Accesses specific fields safely.
- Checks request success using `response.ok`.
---
## Summary
- `requests` simplifies HTTP communication
- Supports GET, POST, headers, params, JSON, files
- Handles authentication, cookies, proxies, and SSL
- Built-in error handling improves reliability
- Widely used for REST APIs and web services