# 📁 Linux Directory Structure & Basic Commands

This document provides an overview of important Linux directories, their types, and essential file management commands.

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## 📂 Directory Types

| Type        | Description                                                                         |
| ----------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| **Virtual** | Do not reside on disk; dynamically generated by the system (e.g., `/proc`, `/sys`). |
| **Normal**  | Standard directories that store files and data on disk.                             |

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## 🗂️ Common Linux Directories

| Directory | Type    | Description                                                 |
| --------- | ------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- |
| `/etc`    | Normal  | System configuration files                                  |
| `/opt`    | Normal  | Optional or third-party software packages                   |
| `/bin`    | Normal  | Essential binary executables for all users                  |
| `/sbin`   | Normal  | System binaries, typically for administrative tasks         |
| `/lib`    | Normal  | Shared libraries and kernel modules                         |
| `/home`   | Normal  | User home directories                                       |
| `/proc`   | Virtual | Kernel and process information (virtual files)              |
| `/srv`    | Normal  | Data for services provided by the system (e.g., web, FTP)   |
| `/sys`    | Virtual | Kernel devices and system information                       |
| `/usr`    | Normal  | Secondary hierarchy: programs, libraries, and documentation |
| `/var`    | Normal  | Variable data: logs, mail, print spool, temporary files     |
| `/dev`    | Virtual | Device files (e.g., disk, USB, terminals)                   |
| `/mnt`    | Normal  | Mount point for temporary filesystems                       |
| `/boot`   | Normal  | Boot loader files, kernel images                            |

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## 🛠️ Basic File & Directory Commands

| Command | Description                              |
| ------- | ---------------------------------------- |
| `cd`    | Change directory                         |
| `ls`    | List directory contents                  |
| `rm`    | Remove files or directories              |
| `mkdir` | Create a new directory                   |
| `touch` | Create an empty file or update timestamp |
| `cp`    | Copy files or directories                |
| `mv`    | Move or rename files or directories      |

### 📘 Examples

```bash
cd /etc           # Navigate to /etc directory
ls -l             # List files in long format
rm file.txt       # Delete file.txt
mkdir new_folder  # Create a directory named 'new_folder'
touch file.txt    # Create a new empty file
cp file1.txt file2.txt  # Copy file1.txt to file2.txt
mv file.txt /home/user/ # Move file.txt to another directory
```