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2025-07-07 19:59:00 +03:30
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+Here's a clean, organized, and visually appealing document version of your input on **Persistent Volumes (PV) in Kubernetes**:
+
+---
+
+# 🌐 Kubernetes: Persistent Volumes (PV) Cheat Sheet
+
+## 📦 What is a Persistent Volume (PV)?
+
+A **Persistent Volume** is a piece of storage in a Kubernetes cluster that has been provisioned by an administrator or dynamically provisioned using **StorageClasses**.
+
+---
+
+## 📁 PV Storage Options
+
+1. **HostPath**
+
+   * Mounts a file or directory from the host node’s filesystem into your Pod.
+
+2. **Using PV and PVC**
+
+   * **PV (Persistent Volume):** The actual storage resource.
+   * **PVC (Persistent Volume Claim):** A request for storage by a user.
+
+---
+
+## 🧱 Kubernetes Storage Layers
+
+1. **Persistent Volume (PV)**
+2. **Persistent Volume Claim (PVC)**
+
+---
+
+## 🔄 PV Lifecycle States
+
+| State        | Description                                          |
+| ------------ | ---------------------------------------------------- |
+| Provisioning | Kubernetes is preparing the PV.                      |
+| Binding      | The PV is bound to a PVC.                            |
+| Using        | The bound PV is being used by a Pod.                 |
+| Releasing    | PVC is deleted; PV is no longer bound.               |
+| Reclaiming   | PV is reclaimed using one of the following policies: |
+|              |     • `Delete` – Remove the storage                  |
+|              |     • `Recycle` – Basic scrub (deprecated)           |
+|              |     • `Retain` – Manual reclaim                      |
+
+---
+
+## 🔒 PV Access Modes
+
+| Mode   | Description                                 |
+| ------ | ------------------------------------------- |
+| `RWO`  | **ReadWriteOnce** – One node can read/write |
+| `ROX`  | **ReadOnlyMany** – Many nodes read-only     |
+| `RWX`  | **ReadWriteMany** – Many nodes read/write   |
+| `RWOP` | **ReadWriteOncePod** – One Pod only         |
+
+---
+
+## 🛠️ Check PVs via CLI
+
+```bash
+kubectl get pv
+```
+
+---
+
+## 🚀 Example: Deployment using HostPath Volume
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: app-1
+  namespace: dev
+  labels:
+    label1: test1
+    app.kubernetes.io/label2: test2
+spec:
+  replicas: 3
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app.kubernetes.io/label2: test2
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app.kubernetes.io/label2: test2
+        os: linux
+    spec:
+      containers:
+        - name: nginx
+          image: nginx
+          ports:
+            - containerPort: 80
+          volumeMounts:
+            - name: nginx-log
+              mountPath: /var/log/nginx  
+      volumes:
+        - name: nginx-log
+          hostPath:
+            path: /root/nginx/logs
+```
+
+---
+
+## 📂 Example: PersistentVolume with NFS
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: PersistentVolume
+metadata:
+  name: pv1
+spec:
+  capacity: 
+    storage: 5Gi
+  volumeMode: Filesystem
+  accessModes: 
+    - ReadWriteMany
+  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Recycle
+  storageClassName: custom-name
+  mountOptions:
+    - hard
+    - nfsvers=4.1
+  nfs:
+    path: /nfs/data
+    server: 192.168.1.10
+```
+