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Containerization-Orchestration/Kubernetes/Storage/pv-pvc.md
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# Kubernetes Persistent Volumes (PV) Cheat Sheet
# **Kubernetes Persistent Volumes (PV) – Technical Reference Guide**
## What is a Persistent Volume (PV)?
## **1. Overview**
A **Persistent Volume (PV)** is a piece of storage in a Kubernetes cluster that can be:
A **Persistent Volume (PV)** is a storage resource in Kubernetes that allows data to persist beyond the lifecycle of Pods.
Persistent Volumes can be:
* **Pre-provisioned** by an administrator, or
* **Pre-provisioned** by a cluster administrator, or
* **Dynamically provisioned** using a **StorageClass**.
PVs allow data to **persist beyond the lifecycle of individual Pods**.
---
## PV Storage Options
## **2. PV Storage Options**
### 1. HostPath
### **2.1 HostPath**
* Mounts a file or directory from the host node’s filesystem into a Pod.
* Suitable **only for local development or single-node clusters** such as Minikube or Kind.
* Not recommended for production workloads.
* Mounts a directory or file from the host node’s filesystem into a Pod.
* Suitable only for **local development** or **single-node clusters** (e.g., Minikube, Kind).
* **Not recommended** for production environments.
### 2. NFS
### **2.2 NFS**
* Network File System; allows multiple Pods and nodes to share storage.
* Recommended for shared or distributed environments.
* Uses Network File System (NFS) to allow multiple Pods and nodes to share storage.
* Recommended for **shared or distributed** setups.
### 3. Cloud Volumes
### **2.3 Cloud Volumes**
* **AWS:** `awsElasticBlockStore`
* **GCP:** `gcePersistentDisk`
* **Azure:** `azureDisk` or `azureFile`
* **CSI Drivers:** Preferred modern approach for all major clouds and on-prem solutions.
* **CSI Drivers:** Preferred for all modern cloud and on-prem environments.
---
## Kubernetes Storage Architecture
## **3. Kubernetes Storage Architecture**
1. **Persistent Volume (PV)** – Represents the actual storage resource, managed by the cluster admin or a dynamic provisioner.
2. **Persistent Volume Claim (PVC)** – A user request for storage with specific size and access requirements.
3. **StorageClass** – Defines how dynamic provisioning should occur (provisioner, reclaim policy, parameters).
1. **Persistent Volume (PV):** Represents the actual storage resource, either statically created or dynamically provisioned.
2. **Persistent Volume Claim (PVC):** A user request for storage of specific size and access modes.
3. **StorageClass:** Defines dynamic provisioning behavior (provisioner, reclaim policy, parameters).
---
## PV Lifecycle Phases
## **4. PV Lifecycle Phases**
| State | Description |
| ------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- |
| **Available** | PV is ready to be bound. |
| **State** | **Description** |
| ------------- | ------------------------------------------------ |
| **Available** | PV is ready to be bound to a claim. |
| **Bound** | PV is bound to a PVC. |
| **Released** | PVC was deleted; PV is unbound but data may still exist. |
| **Released** | PVC was deleted; PV is unbound but retains data. |
| **Failed** | Automatic cleanup failed. |
### Reclaim Policies:
### **Reclaim Policies**
* **Delete:** Removes the underlying storage resource.
* **Retain:** Keeps data for manual recovery.
* **Recycle:** Deprecated (previously used to scrub the volume).
* **Delete:** Deletes the underlying storage resource.
* **Retain:** Keeps the data for manual recovery.
* **Recycle:** Deprecated (was used to scrub the volume).
---
## PV Access Modes
## **5. PV Access Modes**
| Mode | Description |
| ------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `ReadWriteOnce` (RWO) | One node can read/write. |
| `ReadOnlyMany` (ROX) | Many nodes can read. |
| `ReadWriteMany` (RWX) | Many nodes can read/write. |
| `ReadWriteOncePod` (RWOP) | Only one Pod can mount it with read/write access (Kubernetes ≥1.22). |
| **Access Mode** | **Description** |
| ------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- |
| `ReadWriteOnce` (RWO) | Volume can be mounted as read-write by a single node. |
| `ReadOnlyMany` (ROX) | Volume can be mounted read-only by multiple nodes. |
| `ReadWriteMany` (RWX) | Volume can be mounted as read-write by multiple nodes. |
| `ReadWriteOncePod` (RWOP) | Volume can be mounted read-write by a single Pod. (≥ v1.22) |
---
## CLI Commands to Manage PVs & PVCs
## **6. CLI Commands**
```bash
# List all Persistent Volumes
kubectl get pv
# List all Persistent Volume Claims
# List all Persistent Volume Claims (across all namespaces)
kubectl get pvc -A
# Describe a specific PV or PVC
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ kubectl delete pvc <pvc-name> -n <namespace>
---
## Example: Deployment with `hostPath` Volume
## **7. Example: Deployment with HostPath Volume**
```yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
@@ -122,15 +121,12 @@ spec:
type: DirectoryOrCreate
```
**Valid `hostPath` Types:**
**Valid `hostPath` types:**
`DirectoryOrCreate`, `Directory`, `FileOrCreate`, `File`, `Socket`, `CharDevice`, `BlockDevice`
---
## Example: Static Persistent Volume (PV)
**Important:** A PV **must specify a volume source type** (this was the cause of your validation error).
For example, this corrected PV uses `hostPath`:
## **8. Example: Static Persistent Volume (PV)**
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
@@ -150,7 +146,7 @@ spec:
---
## Example: Persistent Volume Claim (PVC)
## **9. Example: Persistent Volume Claim (PVC)**
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
@@ -165,19 +161,14 @@ spec:
requests:
storage: 64Mi
storageClassName: manual
```
To bind this PVC to a specific PV manually:
```yaml
volumeName: pv001
```
---
## NFS-Based Persistent Volume
## **10. Example: NFS-Based PV and PVC**
### Persistent Volume (PV)
### **Persistent Volume (PV)**
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
@@ -199,7 +190,7 @@ spec:
server: 192.168.6.160
```
### Persistent Volume Claim (PVC)
### **Persistent Volume Claim (PVC)**
```yaml
apiVersion: v1
@@ -219,7 +210,7 @@ spec:
---
## Static StorageClass for Pre-Provisioned Volumes
## **11. Example: Static StorageClass**
```yaml
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
@@ -233,15 +224,55 @@ reclaimPolicy: Retain
---
## Recommended Additions
## **12. Example: Nginx Deployment Using PVC**
1. **Always include `storageClassName`** to ensure predictable binding.
2. **Set `volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer`** in StorageClasses for node-aware provisioning.
3. **Avoid using `hostPath` in multi-node clusters**; use NFS or CSI drivers.
4. **Check events** for troubleshooting PV/PVC binding:
```yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nginx
namespace: web-app
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app_type: nginx-web
template:
metadata:
labels:
app_type: nginx-web
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:latest
ports:
- containerPort: 80
volumeMounts:
- name: nginx-configs-volume
mountPath: /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
subPath: reverse_proxy.conf
- name: nginx-logs-volume
mountPath: /var/log/nginx
volumes:
- name: nginx-configs-volume
configMap:
name: nginx-configs
- name: nginx-logs-volume
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: nginx-pvc
```
---
## **13. Best Practices and Recommendations**
1. **Always specify `storageClassName`** for predictable PV/PVC binding.
2. **Use `volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer`** to ensure node-aware provisioning.
3. **Avoid `hostPath`** in multi-node or production clusters; use NFS or CSI drivers instead.
4. **Monitor events** for troubleshooting binding issues:
```bash
kubectl describe pvc <pvc-name> -n <namespace>
```
5. **Automate cleanup** with proper reclaim policies or storage lifecycle controllers.
5. **Implement proper reclaim policies** or automated cleanup mechanisms for storage lifecycle management.